Embolization of spinal arteriovenous fistulae, spinal arteriovenous malformations, and tumors of the spinal axis.

Indications The indications for embolization of spinal cord AVMs include all symptomatic patients with lesions that can be cured; adjuvant therapy before surgery/radiosurgery; and palliative therapy when total obliteration is not practical and the patient suffers from progressive neurologic deficit or high risk of hemorrhage (associated aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm, previous hemorrhage) or when partial embolization is thought to be of benefit (presence of AVF, outflow restriction with venous ectasia).